Theories of Justice in Medieval Philosophy :: German Philosophy Papers

Theories of Justice in Medieval Philosophy ABSTRACT: I discuss the reception of the classical definitions of "the just" in the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle, Cicero and Ulpian by the authors of Latin Medieval philosophy. In the twelfth century we can see an emerging differentiation between philosophical and theological discourse, for example in the work of Peter Abelard. In the thirteenth century, in the philosophical writing of Thomas Aquinas, we find the most important philosophical definition of "the just." Aquinas avoids some of the aporias in which the Aristotelian theory on justice was involved. 1.) Ich gehe im Anschluß an die Thesen von Charles Haskins von der Beobachtung aus, daß sich im Zuge der Herausbildung der scholastischen Methode als einer Tendenz zur "Verwissenschaftlichung aller Theorie" entscheidende Umbrà ¼che in der geistigen Welt des Mittelalters vollziehen, die die Zeitgenossen veranlassen, die à ¼berlieferten Konzepte der Weltinterpretation einer Revision zu unterziehen; in deren Verlauf bilden sich die tragenden Begriffe und die sozialen Organisationsmuster heraus, die wir rà ¼ckblickend als die Bestandteile des Prozesses der okzidentalen Rationalisierung und Aufklà ¤rung identifizieren kà ¶nnen. Diese Zusammenhà ¤nge sollen hier nur illustrativ verdeutlicht werden durch den Hinweis auf die Entstehung der Kathedralschulen und die Neugrà ¼ndung der Università ¤ten, auf die Ablà ¶sung der Methodik der "artes liberales" durch die Wiederentdeckung des Konzepts der "scientia" sowie auf die eindeutige Tendenz zur Entsakralisierung der Sicht der pol itischen Herrschaft. Das sich in den Bahnen der Scholastik artikulierende Interesse an Rationalità ¤t verà ¤ndert von Grund auf das Selbstverstà ¤ndnis des Bildungssystems; ein Prozeß, der sich im 12. und 13. Jhdt. deutlich bemerkbar macht. Dieses betrifft alle à ¼berlieferten Wissensformen: Von der neuen Gestalt der Medizin in der Schule von Salerno bis zur "Entdeckung der Natur" in der Schule von Chartre (Thierry von Chartre, Wilhelm von Conches), von der methodisch neue Wege gehenden Bearbeitung der "Digesten" in der Schule von Bologna (Gratian) bis zur Entfaltung der rationalen Theologie eines Anselm von Canterbury oder Peter Abaelard). Dies schließt auch im 13. Jhdt. inmitten der Artistenfakultà ¤t in Paris das Erwachen eines neuen Konzepts von Philosophie als Wissenschaft eigenen Rechts ein. Nicht eigentlich ausgelà ¶st, aber begleitet und verstà ¤rkt wird dieser Wandlungsprozeß durch die Wiederentdeckung bzw. Neulektà ¼re von Texten der griechischen und latei nischen Antike, allen voran Aristoteles materiale Schriften, die nicht unerheblich zur Entfaltung einer akademischen Kultur der Disputation und der intellektuellen Suche nach Auflà ¶sung von Widersprà ¼chen beitragen. Im Zuge dieser Verà ¤nderungen kà ¶nnen wir unschwer auch eine neue Weise der Behandlung des Begriffs des

Apple Tows Matrix Essay

Pestel Analysis Political Factors : * War, terrorism, geopolitical uncertainties; issues beyond company’s ability to control. * 52% of the company’s net sales in 2007 coming from countries outside America. * Manufacturing or logistics might be interrupted by political events in the manufacturing countries. Economic Factors : * Overall global economy outlook is not good. * Inflation reduced consumer’s expenditure on luxuries. * Economic crisis influencing Apple’s retail’s business. Social Factors : * A variety of regulations & law for health and Safety may adversely affect company’s financial condition. * It is reported that the improper use of iPod may lead to hearing loss for users. * Technological Factors : * Fast technological changes. * Frequent introduction of new products and the continual improvement in product performance. Legal Factors: * Employments laws nationally and internationally * Tax laws in the U.S. and other countries * Foreign trade laws * Environmental Factors * Apple products are made from a high grade titanium which is to reduce pollution during the making and be recyclable as well * Products are also energy star qualified so they do not burn as much energy as traditional laptops do Porter Five Forces Threat of New Entrants-Low * As the Apple leads the market with the different products like Pc, iPhone, iPad and iPod which are full of the features. * As the Apple’s customer are loyal and they are ready to pay even the premium price to the company. * Apple has no debts. New entrants will not affect them initially. * The leaders of the market already capture the major distributors like * AT&T and Verizon in U.S which gain the 60% of the  market. Same thing with Hp, Toshiba, etc. Threat of Suppliers: Moderate * The supplier of the products like, memory, chips, disks and drive are not the same. * The products that are provided by the companies are standardized and had no substitute. * The companies are going to use the standardize products to reduce the cost hence the suppliers products essential for the industry. * As they are many suppliers in number, so the switching cost is low. * The products that are provided by the companies are standardized and had no substitute. * The industry is the growing industry and for the suppliers it is very profitable. Bargaining Power of Buyers: Moderate * The buyers are few and the customers are now moving towards the big stores like superstores, electronic retailers and web based retailers. * The buyers are seemed more concern about the product features and availability. * The products like PC’s and the mobiles phones are very individual and the brand is definitely critical for the success. * As there are many suppliers of the products like the * Apple, HP, Dell etc in the market and they all struggle for the distribution. The switching cost for buyers is low. Competitive Rivalry: High * The industry is fastest growing industry as the product lifecycle is not long. * The business has a high cost as in the case the all the players fight for the market share by cutting their cost. * The products are highly differentiated, because all are branded. * * The brand is definitely is critical for the success that is why the * Apple has a larger profit margins. * The competitors in the industry are using the different strategies. * The companies in the industry are in the market with the different strategies Threat of Substitutes: Low * There are many substitute of the technologies * Switching brands sometimes is costly but sometimes is easy. It may depends on the how much the product is standardized with the demanded features.

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